A sequence of devastating earthquakes and a large number of weather-related catastrophes made 2011 the most expensive year ever for natural catastrophe losses for insurance companies. Owen Gaffney spoke to the world’s largest reinsurance company Munich Re’s Head of Geo Risks Research, Peter Höppe.
Earth behaves as a complex system. Complex systems can respond abruptly to changes within the system - these abrupts changes can be highly non-linear. There is strong evidence that the Earth system is prone to such abrupt changes.
Human-induced global change has pushed the Earth system into a no-analogue state — where climatic and other environmental conditions are outside of the range of the last half million years (at least), increasing the likelihood of unpredictable changes with potentially harmful consequences. Exploring and quantifying Earth system interactions is therefore extremely important. The Earth system perspective demands a new scientific approach and innovative conceptual and technical tools. Separate Earth system components, properties and processes — such as the composition and circulation pattern of the atmosphere — still need to be investigated, but should be studied as integral parts of a system, so as to understand their interactions and feedbacks. Furthermore, in the era of global change, humanity must also be considered a part of the Earth system. Indeed, IGBP includes the human social, cultural and economic systems as within the Earth system.
In this issue, we take a look at the Anthropocene, humanity's epoch. We also examine urban expansion, consumption of resources, natural catastrophes' effects on economics and how to better build our...
In this issue you can debate the influence of climate on history, familiarise yourselves with the International Nitrogen Initiative, and find out how publishing the "hockey stick" graph changed life...